Research Tips and Tricks Part 2

 

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Last week I blogged about how I make connections. No matter where in the world you are researching, you need connections to help you find information that is not readily available.

My recent trip to France and Germany really drove home the point for me that NOT EVERYTHING IS ONLINE!

Today, we'll be finding out how you can find out what is not online.

If you've made connections in the locale where you are researching then all you have to do is contact the person and ask.

I'm serious, it's that simple.

If you have a well sourced public tree, write about your ancestor and stay abreast of tech you will make family connections. Contacting DNA matches is also helpful. You will also want to make professional connections of people that may or may not be related to you, too.

Academia.edu has been a good way to connect with historians that have insight into a place I don't have expertise in. Last week, I mentioned APG and LinkedIn.

Why you need to connect with all of these folks is because there is no one all knowing human who can answer your question, "Where is the land records for someone who lived in Ulmet in the Pfalz in 1701?"

As Judy Russell often says the answer is, "It depends" and the Palatinate is one of those places that it truly does.

Records are sometimes found in the likely places:

1. The Mayors Office in Mietsheim and Uttenhoffen, France for birth and marriage
2. A Kusel archive for military records

But sometimes they are found in places you would never know to look for them:

1. A 6th cousin's personal photo collection
2. In the home of a descendant of the first mayor after the 30 year war ended in a small German village
3. A tour guide
4. A small local museum with no website
5. The mid 1600s home of an archivist for a small village and a religious denomination

I'm not trying to be coy by excluding specifics of where I found records; I'm trying to explain that records are not always digitized and widely available.

I tried to impress upon the need for people holding private records to digitize their holdings but many were afraid that a larger archive would swoop in and demand their collection. You might think that would be a good thing but the problem is that many archives are making it extremely difficult for folks to access their holdings. From Sweden to Croatia I've heard - "all our records are available online at FamilySearch." No, they aren't.

FamilySearch has yet to get back with me on when those Croatian State Archive records will be available. I re-emailed a contact who requested I do so after a face to face meeting in Boston in September and I've yet to get a response. Since the records aren't available online, I had to do boots on the ground last year to get them.

Sweden insists all are on Arkivdigital, yet the company I hired, Minnesota Swede, was able to find church records that were not available on Arkivdigital. These were in history books held at the local church that contained information about the ancestor we were researching. A renter in a home built by one of the ancestors had done extensive research on who had once lived in the home he summered in and provided us with a wealth of knowledge we would not have found on Arkivdigital.

I was sent back and forth from a library to an archive in Stratford-on-Avon, England in my search for records on my Arden ancestor. Someone has something but what it is I never discovered. If I had made a contact before arriving I would bet that I would have found the answer.

Without the help of two genealogists in Germany I would never have been able to find the following:

1. My Leininger ancestors had a castle but were not nobles. The name was originally spelled Leiningen. The males were not looked on favorably by the neighbors who stormed the castle. The second castle storming ended well because of Eva Leiningen who invited the unhappy folks inside and fed them (does sound like something my grandmothers would have done). Although the museum was closed, actually the whole village closes between noon and 2 daily, my contact had gotten the info when they were open.
2. The Leiningens were associates of the Frankensteins of Mary Shelley fame. The Frankenstein at the time Shelley wrote was an alchemist.
3. In France, Leininger is spelled Linange. So, another hint to look for other records thanks to the Mayor's Clerk sharing this tidbit with me.
4. 1701 land records, wills, 1823-1829 school records, and photos that are kept in a home in a wooden "filing" cabinet made in 1699 by the men of a village who wrote in their town charter that a man from eight different families will always be assigned to go to the descendent of the first mayor's home to retrieve a drawer (2 men per drawer) to safety if needed. Today, that could be a climate change threat as they do have flooding in the area but when the edict was made it was in case the 30 year war came back.
5. A local man who leads tours to South America who happened to know that I was related to a group who settled there in the early 1800s. Those were two lines I had never researched because I couldn't find records. South America would not have been a place I would have thought that two single sisters would have emigrated to during that time period.
6. The archivist provided a behind the scene tour of his community and shared with me church records beginning in 1538 that contained a scam then going around hitting churches. Who knew?!
7. A local genealogist was conducting oral histories on the oldest village residents and upon visiting noticed pictures on the wall that looked vaguely familiar. When he asked he was informed they were from a family reunion held in northeast Indiana. The genealogist knew I was from that area and mentioned my name. This led me to having lunch with a 6th cousin who had even more pictures to share with me.
8. By my online connections and attending various conferences, I met a professional genealogist from the region who knew I was coming for a visit. We arranged to meet for dinner as he just happened to be staying close to where I was to attend a genealogy conference. During dinner I met with other attendees and discovered that we are related. One connection leads to another!

When you travel, make sure you have a list of your ancestors who were from the location, along with the dates that they lived there. This will help you readily share info with those you meet. Keep your tree online so that you can pull it up from anywhere, anytime. This helps in looking for a shared ancestor and then identifying how you are related to your new acquaintance. Putting genealogists heads together is a wonderful way to find those records you didn't even know existed.

Genealogy Research Tips and Tricks Part 1

 

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Since coming back from my travels to France and Germany I've had a number of inquiries as to how I make the connections that I do. Here's the answer and you can do this for yourself! Honestly, today's blog isn't just of value for those researching the Palatinate, it's a tip for researching every area of the world!

First, I make my personal tree public online in a variety of locations (Ancestry.com, MyHeritage.com, Geneanet.com). By public, my personal info is not being shared but my deceased ancestor info is. I believe that it's important to share all of my finds so that there is a record somewhere. Unfortunately, records can be lost or destroyed easily so the more places that my information is available WITH SOURCES OF WHERE I FOUND THE ORIGINAL, the more likely that it will help a future generation in pursuing their own lines.

The sourcing is extremely important because it allows others to go back to that source and validate my information. Many online trees do not provide their sources which leads to the thinking that no one should use online family trees because they aren't accurate. That thinking is incorrect - we should look at all available sources as some may give a hint. That hint can be helpful, meaning it will lead you to verify the info is correct or it will lead you to prove it is wrong. I just completed a client report where the client's great grandfather was reported to have his wife and mother with the identical name and dates. Obviously, this was not correct but more than half of all trees online showed this info. Why? Because they copied from each other without validating sources.

It was not hard to discover how the problem arose - the great grandfather's death certificate info gave his wife's name as her given name and her married name. Under mother, the informant provided the woman's maiden name. The informant was a daughter. She was giving her mother's maiden name but that's not what the form was asking for - it was asking for her father's mother's maiden name. In times of grief, people often give inaccurate info and this was the case. Just because info is provided on a governmental document does not make it correct!

Definitely learn more about how to analyze and the types of sources that can be consulted by reading the Board for Certification of Genealogists, Genealogy Standards, fiftieth-anniversary edition (Nashville, TN: Ancestry, 2014).

When you have a public well sourced tree widely available you will make more connections.

Another way I make connections is through my writing. The more places I have my work published, the more widely I have spread the word about an ancestor. This increased the odds that a family member will find me. Where do I get my writing published? I blog weekly on my website and through blogspot.com, which is free. Since blogspot is a Google product, my topics rise to the top of Google's search engine which leads to even more hits when someone is searching for a surname. I also publish in journals and magazines that focus on the location where my ancestors once lived. I've even published an eBook and sell it at a very low cost because I'm trying to get the word out and make connections.

I also stay abreast of new technology - I use open.ai's ChatGPT and link it to my website. This allows anyone who is using that company's AI to receive current info on the surnames I'm researching. I've blogged in the past about using the Whova conference app to make connections and that, too, has been helpful.

One additional important piece of tech is to make sure that you keep the same email or at least, if you do change it, you forward from your old email to your new address. That way, people will always be able to find you.

I am not a Facebook fan but I have used it to make connections, too. LinkedIn helps with making connections with professionals around the globe, as does the Association of Professional Genealogists (APG). I would not have discovered my serendipity connections without using both LinkedIn and APG.

Obviously, the easier you are to find the more connections you will make. Online tools - technology - writing are all the initial ways I make connections.

Next week, I'll be drilling down on the connections I have made to help you discover where your hard to find documents in the Palatinate might reside.

A Little German Synchronicity

 

Lori and Cousin Alesandra-Brigitte

I’m back from my travels to France and Germany where I spent a week researching my husband and my ancestry in the Alsace-Lorraine region. I’m going to conclude my October series on synchronicity with another weird encounter that happened to me in a castle.

A little back story is needed to fully appreciate this odd encounter…

I’ve always known I was part German. My maiden name was Leininger so it was a no brainer figuring the ethnicity out. However, names alone don’t tell the whole story and the region from where my German ancestors once lived was fraught with turmoil for generations. I recently learned that some of it was from within the community – noble vs. peasants, but it also occurred with outsiders invading, such as during the 30 year war and Napoleon.

My paternal side never spoke about their heritage. Perhaps because it was too painful to recall or because they just weren’t great communicators. When my first child was born I asked my dad for genealogical info to put in the baby book and got the response, “When I’m dead, you’ll get the book.” My response, “Book, what book? Why do I have to wait ‘til your dead?”

He then informed me that he had two books that had been written by a family member about the Leiningers, which were also once known as Leiningen, and didn’t want to give me the books as he still referred to them occasionally. Like I wrote earlier, not great communicators!

Unfortunately, I didn’t get the books when he died as my stepmother refused to give them to me. I offered to pay for her time packing them and shipping but she said she didn’t have the time to do it. I turned to the internet and did receive an electronic copy of the first book from the author who was stationed in Germany at the time. Five years after my father’s death, when I stopped at my stepmother’s home after burying my mother, she produced the books and several photo albums.

The genealogies were not sourced and had a lot of errors. In fact, the second book was basically a fix it for the first as so many relatives had written to correct the wrong info. I used the book to do a surname study through “My Main Tree” on Ancestry.com as there were several lines mentioned that didn’t connect. This was before DNA.

I was not in contact with any close family members as it wasn’t a family that maintained ties. I don’t read or write German and with work, family, and other commitments, put the German research aside. Someday, I thought, I’d go back to it.

Someday became a year ago in June when I made a post on Whova, a conference app, asking if anyone had any info about the following surnames:  Bollenbacher, Harbaugh, Kable, Kettering, Kuhn, Leininger, Mahler. One man from Germany responded and I’ve blogged about his help previously here and here.

Gerhard was the first family member I ever met on any of those surnames outside of my dad, grandfather, two aunts and three first cousins who were Leiningers. There are pictures of me with a great aunt but I don’t recall much as I was just 3 when the visit occurred.

Gerhard introduced me to two other conference attendees that were Kettingers. None of us were close (7^th cousins). While doing research last spring in Germany, Gerhard happened to meet a 96 year old woman named Irma who was providing Gerhard with an oral history of her town, Bedesbach. Gerhard noticed a photo on the wall in her living room and inquired about it. She told Gerhard it was taken in the 1980s when she had attended a Bollenbacher family reunion in northeastern Indiana. Gerhard told her about me as he had looked at my tree and knew I was descended from the Bollenbachers. She asked him to get in touch with me and check on people she had visited in Indiana. I blogged about that meeting here.

Something told me it was time to visit the Palatinate and see what I could find about my ancestors' lives there. With Gerhard’s help after reviewing the little info I had found about them, my husband and I traveled to Frankfurt and then by car to the region of interest.

Lori atop the Neu Leiningen Castle

Within an hour and a half of landing, I was taken to what had once been a castle of a noble Leiningen. That’s me at the top and I do have a story to share but am saving that for another time. Rita, a friend of Gerhard’s what was accompanying us, told me that the next castle from the Leiningens were the Frankensteins, of Mary Shelley fame. One of them had been an alchemist. Perfect family info to learn on a fall October day!

Gerhard had a surprise for me every day and I’ll be blogging about the hints and tricks that I learned in researching this area beginning next week.

The creepy part of the story, however, occurred on a Saturday night. Gerhard took us to a castle that supposedly was not associated with my family. We were going to have dinner with a group of attendees at a genealogical conference that was being held there that weekend. Another genealogist that I have worked with, Roland Geiger, was putting the conference on and thought it would be a good idea if we stopped by.

Remember, I don’t read, speak or UNDERSTAND much German but I wanted to see Roland so I was game. There were six chairs at each table in the dining room. Gerhard, Rita, my husband, Roland, and I took five of the seats. An attendee decided to join us. We had a nice dinner and then moved up to the bar area where more mingling was to occur. The tables there only sat four so Gerhard, Rita, my husband and I filled up a table. The woman that had joined us at dinner had some questions for me about genealogy practices so we pulled up another chair. On her iPad she brought up her Wiki Tree. I told her I don’t use that because my tree is too large to upload to them and I don’t have time to do it piecemeal. She explained that she prefers Wiki Tree to other companies because of the sources that are found on the trees. I can’t disagree with her but I wanted to show her how well sourced my Ancestry.com tree was. She brought it up on her iPad. I showed her my dad and grandfather’s info, then decided to show her the pedigree view. That’s when it got creepy.

Alesandra-Brigitte became very quiet and just stared at the tree. I encouraged her to click on any of the names to see the details. She blinked, looked at me seriously and said, “I’m a Bollenbacher, too.”

In seconds, we discovered we are 6^th cousins. I told her I would be meeting another 6^th cousin who was 96 the next day for lunch. She had no knowledge of the other woman who lived close to her.

Irma and Lori, 6th Bollenbacher cousins

So, by just dropping by for dinner at a castle in the middle of nowhere I connected with a distant family member who I was able to help connect with another family member that lived close to her. Simply amazing!

I only regret that I didn’t have more time to talk to other attendees as I suspect I was related to most of them.

Genealogy is both weird and wonderful! On this Halloween, I hope the spirits enable you to make some meaningful family connections.

October Coincidence

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In June I had the pleasure of meeting two of my Bollenbacher cousins, we are fifth cousins once removed. I had never met any family on this paternal line and how the meeting came about is rather strange.

I’ve previously blogged and lectured about the benefits of using the Whova Conference app to meet a cousin from Germany, Gerhard Hoh. In the spring, Gerhard visited a small town near his home in Germany to interview a 96 year old resident who happened to be a Bollenbacher. He knew, from looking at my public online tree, that I had Bollenbacher lineage.

When Gerhard entered the woman’s home he noticed several photos on the wall and he inquired about them. They had been taken in the 1970s at a family reunion in Northeastern Indiana. Gerhard informed his hostess that he had met a cousin in that area last June who was also a Bollenbacher. The woman kindly provided Gerhard with the addresses of two cousins she had met when she attended the reunion and requested that I connect with them.

I was heading for Sweden the following day so I put off the letter writing until I returned in May. I provided information on how I had received their address and my email address. I received a snail mail response with their email address and a desire for us to meet in person. After several back and forth to find a convenient date, my husband and I made the one hour drive to my “new” cousin’s home.

We spent a lovely afternoon sharing genealogical finds but we were stymied on how we were related. I didn’t have them in my tree nor did they know anything about me, other than an odd coincidence. One of my cousins had brought her husband and he happened to be a farmer. I mentioned some of my other paternal lines and he asked for more information about my Leininger family. I told him the story of my immigrant three times great grandparents Jean “John” and Marie Marguerithe Gass Leininger who had built a home across Ohio-Indiana state lines in the 1840s. I also mentioned that Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) had farmed the adjoining farm. The farmer was surprised as most people don’t know who owned the land 175+ years ago. Turns out, the farmer has been working those fields for most of his adult life.

This was the first for me – meeting a person that was connected today to the old family homestead. I have gone to visit old city and country homes of my ancestors around the world to meet the current inhabitants but I’ve never met someone who just happened to be accompanying someone else that had a tie to my ancestral past.

I was able to hear that the wheat crop he had just sold, earliest in his whole career, had turned out well. My grandfather and father also grew wheat. I then shared that one of my adult kids had farmed wheat for the first time and on Father’s Day, threshed and milled it, then made a mug cake of it for my husband. That farming gene runs deep in my lines! Social media did the trick for me in connecting with my family’s past.

Daniel Hollingshead and a Connection to My Eastern European Relatives

 

Chester City Hall, Photo by Lori Samuelson

Last week I blogged about how I had first discovered my 7th great grandfather, Daniel Hollingshead and the strange migration that both he and one of my adult children had followed. The story continues...

Daniel was born in 1686 in Saxelby, Leicestershire, England. On my recent visit to Great Britain I made a stop in Chester. Daniel's grandfather Francis was born in Chester in 1622 but emigrated to Saxelby by age 18. Court records show that he returned to farm in Chester but after a contagion, returned to live in Saxelby. There he became a collector of hearthmoney. Unfortunately, Francis became ill and sub contracted his hearthmoney collection job to two other men. Those men absconded with the money. Francis died at age 53 in 1675.

Francis's wife, Marie, was left with four children to support, a large debt to the crown, and not a lot of options. Court records show that she provided her dowry as partial repayment and one Frances's brothers, Ralph Hollingshead, provided the remainder of the funds as he was receiver of securities for Chester.

From court records it appears that whoever in the treasury accepted the money also absconded with it. Ralph then joined the military and shipped out to Barbados. Marie's son, Francis Jr., at age 25, was able to convince the courts that the money had been repaid to the crown but stolen internally. He was then given the job as collector of hearthmoney.

Francis Jr. was Daniel's father. Although these troubling events occurred before Daniel was born it no doubt had an effect on him. Daniel was the third surviving son in the family and knew his fortunes lay outside of Saxelby. Likely that is why he joined the military like his great uncle Ralph. Daniel, following in Ralph's footsteps, ended up in Barbados.

While in Chester I stopped at the public library to see if I could find anything on the Hollingshead. The collection is small and the only finds were about a distant relative, Raphael Hollingshead who was famous for writing a history of England. Disappointed, I traveled onward.

Perhaps my interest stirred the spirit world or perhaps what followed was a simple synchronocity. I don't know - you be the judge.

When I returned home I received an Ancestry.com message from a Hollingshead relative. I have NEVER before had anyone from this line write to me so I was delighted, especially since I had just visited the old family stomping ground.

I was surprised to learn that this "new" cousin lived in the next county from me when I lived in Florida for 50 years. We often visited the beach where he lives a mere 4 miles from. But it gets weirder...

In our typing back and forth he mentioned that his ethnicity is also part Austria-Hungarian. I share that on my maternal line as he does. Then things got really strange.

I asked if he was Croatian but his response stunned me. No, he was Magyar. Unbeknownst to him, I was going to present at the 36th International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Boston the following week on the plementi ljudi (pl) nobility. The original pls were of Magyar ethnicity. After King Louis II of Hungary died, the area was acquired by the Austrian Hapsburgs who increased the number of pls in defense of cities since this was the time of the Ottoman War. My Croatian Kos and Grdenic family became pls during this time. What a weird connection to my new distant cousin - a Great Britain ancestor and a nobility title from Eastern Europe!

Typically in October I blog about the wonderfully odd happenings I experience throughout the year. This week, I will be heading to Germany and France to walk in my husband and my ancestral steps. No blog next week due to my travels. One more synchronicity will be published the last weekend in October.

Creepy October - Past Hollingshead Connection to the Present

 

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It's October when I typically blog about the creepy coincidences that happen to me over the past year when I am doing genealogy.

I started a bit early, mentioning how I met some Irish and Scotts relatives through my recent travels to Great Britain.

I have another story to share but there's a back story to it so this will be a two part blog.

I've blogged and researched extensively on my Hollingshead family originally from Saxelby, England. Some of the findings were just down right strange! You can read about past blogs I've written about Daniel here, here, and here.

I've never before shared a personal story about why I am so interested in the Hollingshead family but I think it's time to do so.

In 2006, after spending time with a college friend who had transferred from the U.S. to Cambridge University in England, one of my adult kids informed my husband and I that they were going to apply to medical school out of the U.S. We questioned the decision but they were adamant with no reasons other than they felt they had to do that. After several acceptances, the decision was to accept the offer to St. George's Medical School in Grenada, West Indies. To be honest, I wasn't wild about this decision but once I visited I felt at home. After two years of study there, students transfer to either Great Britain, Canada, or various locations in the U.S. Our adult child decided to move to New Jersey.

I am not trying to be rude New Jerseyans but I just couldn't understand why someone would relocate from a beautiful tropical island to a snowy cold location. Really, I told my kid, no one does that. Child was insistent that this was the right place but couldn't explain why.

The adult child finished up their degree by living in Morristown, New Jersey. We visited several times and enjoyed the small town atmosphere. On one of our visits I happened to park next to a church cemetery. I looked up and was faced with a stone for the Byrd family. I had a brick wall Byrd family from somewhere in New Jersey. I decided I would contact the church but I always found it closed and got no response to emails. If you had asked me then, I would have told you we had no connection to Morristown; I thought the Byrd family was from Trenton.

Our last trip to Morristown was in the spring as our child was graduating and would soon leave for internship in another state. We drove one of our vehicles from Florida to New Jersey so that we could have two vehicles (ours and theirs) packed with belonging while my husband drove a small U-Haul to the new location.

On the way, we experienced a major traffic jam in Tampa which delayed us. Bored, I checked my email. There was a new email from someone I didn't know, Edgar Duer Whitley. The gentleman had found my online public tree on Ancestry.com and was excited that I was providing him info on my Duer line that he had been unable to research. I was spelling Duer as Dure - the original family spelling, so had not connected to his research. He attached his genealogical research which connected to Daniel Hollingshead. I had never heard of Daniel.

I responded I would look at the information when we returned from our trip and would get back with. It was three weeks later when I downloaded the information and I was astounded.

Our child had been residing on land that had once been owned by their 8th great grandfather. Even more astounding was that Daniel Hollingshead had relocated to New Jersey from the West Indies. So I stood corrected, others in our family beside my kid have relocated from the West Indies to New Jersey.

But there's more...when I shared this with my child I got a laugh. Our kid had traveled around the area of Cambridge and had visited Saxelby, where Daniel Hollingshead migrated from. It was there that they got the idea to go to a medical school that was international. Was this a channeling of a long dead ancestor?

One of Daniel's sons had become a noted physician in New Jersey. The location where our child had attended undergrad, Boston, was the same area where one of Daniel's grandson had migrated to, Boston. My line went on to Ohio via a stop in the wilds of Virginia, now known as West Virginia. Our adult child was leaving New Jersey for West Virginia. Creepy!

We joked with our child that they would probably end up in Ohio one day since they seemed to keep following that family line's migration route. That hasn't happened yet, however, they live about 10 miles from the Ohio border and work as a physician in Ohio. It's just two counties away from where the Duers, who married the Hollingshead, settled.

As for Edgar, as soon as I reviewed the information he had sent and realized the migration path I wrote to him. I never got a response. Evidently, Edgar had died in the few short weeks after he sent me his life's work. I can't explain how this all happened. It's wonderfully weird and unbelievable. I may have eventually broke through my brick wall without Edgar's research but the timing was perfect as we had a family member in the areas that I could stay with while confirming the information. I guess a side moral of this story is contact those folks you find online and share your research widely.

Next time, I'll tell you another strange connection regarding Daniel and I that occurred while I was in Great Britain.

Dispensations in Days of Old

 

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My blog is a day late due to my return from attending the 36th International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Boston. It was the first time the over 100 year old conference was held in the U.S. and I was delighted to be able to present on Tracing Noble Roots: Validating the plementi ljudi (pl) Lineage in Former Austria-Hungary. My talk was on how you, too, can identify your noble Croatian ancestors. It was held in South Church, a beautiful building where Benjamin Franklin had been baptized and where I had a family member that used to play tone bells there. Nothing like following in the footsteps of others!

I'd be the first to admit that I don't have much knowledge or experience with heraldry so I did learn a lot by attending the conference. One of the most interesting lectures involved Roman Catholic dispensation records between 1250-1558 in Great Britain. I didn't know they existed and they may be important to your family if you are researching that time period.

From the earliest time until Henry VIII cut his ties with the Roman Catholic church, dispensations were required to legitimize a marriage. For a fee, the amount of which is unknown, couples who wanted to marry were required to complete paperwork with their local parish which would then research if the couple was closely related. If couples did not pay for this "service," and it was later determined that they were closely related (1st-2nd cousin) their marriage was considered void and any children of the marriage would not be eligible to inherit from the estate. Meaning, the Roman Catholic Church obtained the estate since their was no "legitimate" heirs at the time of the parents death.

You can find the 1000+ dispensations in the Calendar of Papal Registers, Britain, and Ireland series under Paper Regesta through 1534. You may also look at the Apostolic Penitentiary to England and Wales through 1503 that were indexed and published by the Canterbury and York Society. Unfortunately, I don't know how to access the publication.

During the Q&A, a discussion ensued on whether other countries dispensations were available. I did a quick internet search and discovered that was the case for Austria-Hungary. Apparently, if you were a noble you couldn't wed unless you were 3rd cousins or further related whereas peasants could wed at 2nd cousin status or back.

Further discussion led to the use of church banns used prior to a couple's wedding. This would be an interesting research topic to determine if those banns were added after Henry VII to continue the validation that a couple were not closely related. "Speak now or forever hold your peace" could then be considered the final measure used to legitimize the marriage in the absence of the church researching the couple's genealogy.